If you call a gmp_* function directly with an interger as parameter, this integer MUST NOT be 0:
for($i=-1;$i<=1;$i++) { echo gmp_strval(gmp_add(2,gmp_mul(1,$i))) . ' '; }
The result is 1 0 3 (wrong)
In this case you have to use gmp_init():
for($i=-1;$i<=1;$i++) { echo gmp_strval(gmp_add(2,gmp_mul(1,gmp_init($i)))) . ' '; }
The result is 1 2 3 (right)
Happy number crunching! :-)